Schematic overview of the cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in the cancer progression, including the proposed cellular and molecular mechanisms in cancer cells trajectory. AT1: alveolar type 1 cells; AT2: alveolar type 2 cells; AAH: atypical adenomatous hyperplasia; AIS: adenocarcinoma in situ; MIA: minimally invasive adenocarcinoma; IA: invasive adenocarcinoma; EMT: epithelial-mesenchymal transition

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	Gene summary
	Malignant transformation analysis
	Malignant transformation related pathway analysis
	Cell-cell communication analysis
	Single-cell gene regulatory network inference analysis
	Somatic mutation of malignant transformation related genes
	Related drugs of malignant transformation related genes

Gene: ASL

Gene summary for ASL

Gene summary.

Gene information	Species	Human
	Gene symbol	ASL
	Gene ID	435
	Gene name	argininosuccinate lyase
	Gene Alias	ASAL
	Cytomap	7q11.21
	Gene Type	protein-coding
	GO ID	GO:0000050
	UniProtAcc	A0A024RDL8

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Malignant transformation analysis

Identification of the aberrant gene expression in precancerous and cancerous lesions by comparing the gene expression of stem-like cells in diseased tissues with normal stem cells

Malignant transformation involving gene list.

Entrez ID	Symbol	Replicates	Species	Organ	Tissue	Adj P-value	Log2FC	Malignancy
435	ASL	HTA11_78_2000001011	Human	Colorectum	AD	3.70e-03	3.94e-01	-0.1088
435	ASL	HTA11_347_2000001011	Human	Colorectum	AD	4.54e-14	5.05e-01	-0.1954
435	ASL	HTA11_411_2000001011	Human	Colorectum	SER	6.60e-04	7.63e-01	-0.2602
435	ASL	HTA11_2112_2000001011	Human	Colorectum	SER	6.00e-05	8.24e-01	-0.2196
435	ASL	HTA11_83_2000001011	Human	Colorectum	SER	4.88e-13	8.55e-01	-0.1526
435	ASL	HTA11_696_2000001011	Human	Colorectum	AD	1.31e-20	6.21e-01	-0.1464
435	ASL	HTA11_866_2000001011	Human	Colorectum	AD	2.06e-09	4.33e-01	-0.1001
435	ASL	HTA11_1391_2000001011	Human	Colorectum	AD	2.09e-13	7.13e-01	-0.059
435	ASL	A015-C-203	Human	Colorectum	FAP	3.00e-04	-1.75e-01	-0.1294
435	ASL	A002-C-201	Human	Colorectum	FAP	4.57e-02	-1.32e-01	0.0324
435	ASL	A002-C-205	Human	Colorectum	FAP	1.02e-02	-1.03e-01	-0.1236
435	ASL	A015-C-006	Human	Colorectum	FAP	4.99e-02	-1.72e-01	-0.0994
435	ASL	A015-C-104	Human	Colorectum	FAP	1.15e-03	-1.39e-01	-0.1899
435	ASL	A002-C-016	Human	Colorectum	FAP	2.24e-03	-1.24e-01	0.0521
435	ASL	A002-C-116	Human	Colorectum	FAP	2.75e-04	-9.45e-02	-0.0452
435	ASL	A018-E-020	Human	Colorectum	FAP	5.67e-03	-1.51e-01	-0.2034
435	ASL	LZE2T	Human	Esophagus	ESCC	4.36e-10	9.24e-01	0.082
435	ASL	LZE4T	Human	Esophagus	ESCC	2.15e-04	2.10e-01	0.0811
435	ASL	LZE5T	Human	Esophagus	ESCC	2.23e-03	2.10e-01	0.0514
435	ASL	LZE7T	Human	Esophagus	ESCC	7.51e-10	3.26e-01	0.0667

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Transcriptomic changes along malignancy continuum.

Tissue	Expression Dynamics	Abbreviation
Colorectum (GSE201348)		FAP: Familial adenomatous polyposis
		CRC: Colorectal cancer
Colorectum (HTA11)		AD: Adenomas
		SER: Sessile serrated lesions
		MSI-H: Microsatellite-high colorectal cancer
		MSS: Microsatellite stable colorectal cancer
Esophagus		ESCC: Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma
		HGIN: High-grade intraepithelial neoplasias
		LGIN: Low-grade intraepithelial neoplasias
GC		CAG: Chronic atrophic gastritis
		CAG with IM: Chronic atrophic gastritis with intestinal metaplasia
		CSG: Chronic superficial gastritis
		GC: Gastric cancer
		SIM: Severe intestinal metaplasia
		WIM: Wild intestinal metaplasia
Liver		HCC: Hepatocellular carcinoma
		NAFLD: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
Lung		AAH: Atypical adenomatous hyperplasia
		AIS: Adenocarcinoma in situ
		IAC: Invasive lung adenocarcinoma
		MIA: Minimally invasive adenocarcinoma
Oral Cavity		EOLP: Erosive Oral lichen planus
		LP: leukoplakia
		NEOLP: Non-erosive oral lichen planus
		OSCC: Oral squamous cell carcinoma
Thyroid		ATC: Anaplastic thyroid cancer
		HT: Hashimoto's thyroiditis
		PTC: Papillary thyroid cancer

∗log2FC in expression of this searched gene in stem-like cells from each diseased tissue sample relative to stem-like cells in normal samples in each tissue plotted against the malignancy continuum. Samples are colored based on if they are from different disease stage.

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Malignant transformation related pathway analysis

Find out the enriched GO biological processes and KEGG pathways involved in transition from healthy to precancer to cancer

Figure of enriched GO biological processes.

Tissue	Disease Stage	Enriched GO biological Processes
Colorectum	AD
Colorectum	SER
Colorectum	MSS
Colorectum	MSI-H
Colorectum	FAP

∗Top 15 enriched GO BP terms are showed in the bar plot of each disease state in each tissue. Each row represents a significant GO biological process which is colored according to the -log10(p.adjust).

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Enriched GO biological processes.

GO ID	Tissue	Disease Stage	Description	Gene Ratio	Bg Ratio	pvalue	p.adjust	Count
GO:000268314	Prostate	Tumor	negative regulation of immune system process	101/3246	434/18723	8.70e-04	5.85e-03	101
GO:006099711	Prostate	Tumor	dendritic spine morphogenesis	21/3246	61/18723	9.70e-04	6.30e-03	21
GO:003431511	Prostate	Tumor	regulation of Arp2/3 complex-mediated actin nucleation	10/3246	21/18723	1.33e-03	8.31e-03	10
GO:003004815	Prostate	Tumor	actin filament-based movement	36/3246	127/18723	1.38e-03	8.62e-03	36
GO:004825914	Prostate	Tumor	regulation of receptor-mediated endocytosis	31/3246	110/18723	3.15e-03	1.65e-02	31
GO:009951514	Prostate	Tumor	actin filament-based transport	9/3246	21/18723	5.54e-03	2.61e-02	9
GO:005112711	Prostate	Tumor	positive regulation of actin nucleation	7/3246	15/18723	8.22e-03	3.60e-02	7
GO:00070093	Prostate	Tumor	plasma membrane organization	36/3246	142/18723	1.00e-02	4.20e-02	36
GO:009951811	Prostate	Tumor	vesicle cytoskeletal trafficking	21/3246	73/18723	1.06e-02	4.41e-02	21
GO:00463944	Stomach	GC	carboxylic acid biosynthetic process	37/1159	314/18723	1.28e-04	2.41e-03	37
GO:00160534	Stomach	GC	organic acid biosynthetic process	37/1159	316/18723	1.46e-04	2.67e-03	37
GO:0009084	Stomach	GC	glutamine family amino acid biosynthetic process	5/1159	17/18723	2.98e-03	2.66e-02	5
GO:004639411	Stomach	CAG with IM	carboxylic acid biosynthetic process	31/1050	314/18723	1.63e-03	1.80e-02	31
GO:001605311	Stomach	CAG with IM	organic acid biosynthetic process	31/1050	316/18723	1.81e-03	1.94e-02	31
GO:00090841	Stomach	CAG with IM	glutamine family amino acid biosynthetic process	5/1050	17/18723	1.93e-03	2.02e-02	5
GO:00090842	Stomach	CSG	glutamine family amino acid biosynthetic process	5/1034	17/18723	1.80e-03	1.93e-02	5
GO:00463942	Stomach	CSG	carboxylic acid biosynthetic process	30/1034	314/18723	2.52e-03	2.46e-02	30
GO:00160532	Stomach	CSG	organic acid biosynthetic process	30/1034	316/18723	2.77e-03	2.63e-02	30
GO:00463943	Stomach	SIM	carboxylic acid biosynthetic process	30/708	314/18723	3.33e-06	1.57e-04	30
GO:00160533	Stomach	SIM	organic acid biosynthetic process	30/708	316/18723	3.79e-06	1.68e-04	30

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Enriched KEGG pathways.

Pathway ID	Tissue	Disease Stage	Description	Gene Ratio	Bg Ratio	pvalue	p.adjust	qvalue	Count
hsa01230	Colorectum	AD	Biosynthesis of amino acids	28/2092	75/8465	9.99e-03	3.89e-02	2.48e-02	28
hsa012301	Colorectum	AD	Biosynthesis of amino acids	28/2092	75/8465	9.99e-03	3.89e-02	2.48e-02	28
hsa012302	Colorectum	SER	Biosynthesis of amino acids	23/1580	75/8465	8.11e-03	4.14e-02	3.01e-02	23
hsa012303	Colorectum	SER	Biosynthesis of amino acids	23/1580	75/8465	8.11e-03	4.14e-02	3.01e-02	23
hsa0123023	Esophagus	ESCC	Biosynthesis of amino acids	49/4205	75/8465	4.35e-03	1.12e-02	5.74e-03	49
hsa0123033	Esophagus	ESCC	Biosynthesis of amino acids	49/4205	75/8465	4.35e-03	1.12e-02	5.74e-03	49
hsa012304	Liver	Cirrhotic	Biosynthesis of amino acids	35/2530	75/8465	1.54e-03	7.83e-03	4.83e-03	35
hsa0123011	Liver	Cirrhotic	Biosynthesis of amino acids	35/2530	75/8465	1.54e-03	7.83e-03	4.83e-03	35
hsa0123021	Liver	HCC	Biosynthesis of amino acids	53/4020	75/8465	3.79e-05	2.11e-04	1.18e-04	53
hsa0123031	Liver	HCC	Biosynthesis of amino acids	53/4020	75/8465	3.79e-05	2.11e-04	1.18e-04	53
hsa012305	Oral cavity	OSCC	Biosynthesis of amino acids	45/3704	75/8465	3.27e-03	8.23e-03	4.19e-03	45
hsa0123012	Oral cavity	OSCC	Biosynthesis of amino acids	45/3704	75/8465	3.27e-03	8.23e-03	4.19e-03	45
hsa00220	Stomach	GC	Arginine biosynthesis	6/708	22/8465	7.81e-03	4.10e-02	2.88e-02	6
hsa002201	Stomach	GC	Arginine biosynthesis	6/708	22/8465	7.81e-03	4.10e-02	2.88e-02	6

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Cell-cell communication analysis

Identification of potential cell-cell interactions between two cell types and their ligand-receptor pairs for different disease states

Ligand

Receptor

LRpair

Pathway

Tissue

Disease Stage

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Single-cell gene regulatory network inference analysis

Find out the significant the regulons (TFs) and the target genes of each regulon across cell types for different disease states

Cell Type

Tissue

Disease Stage

Target Gene

RSS

Regulon Activity

∗The dot plots of a searched regulon are shown for all cell subpopulations in each disease state of each tissue based on the regulon specific score inferred using pySCENIC and by calculating the average expression.

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Somatic mutation of malignant transformation related genes

Annotation of somatic variants for genes involved in malignant transformation

Hugo Symbol

Variant Class

Variant Classification

dbSNP RS

HGVSc

HGVSp

HGVSp Short

SWISSPROT

BIOTYPE

SIFT

PolyPhen

Tumor Sample Barcode

Tissue

Histology

Sex

Age

Stage

Therapy Types

Drugs

Outcome

ASL

SNV

Missense_Mutation

c.22N>T

p.Leu8Phe

p.L8F

P04424

protein_coding

deleterious(0)

probably_damaging(0.912)

TCGA-A1-A0SH-01

Breast

breast invasive carcinoma

Female

<65

I/II

Chemotherapy

ASL

SNV

Missense_Mutation

c.1188N>G

p.Phe396Leu

p.F396L

P04424

protein_coding

tolerated(0.69)

benign(0.003)

TCGA-A8-A09G-01

Breast

breast invasive carcinoma

Female

>=65

III/IV

Unknown

ASL

SNV

Missense_Mutation

c.653C>T

p.Ala218Val

p.A218V

P04424

protein_coding

tolerated(0.08)

benign(0.01)

TCGA-D8-A1XW-01

Breast

breast invasive carcinoma

Female

<65

I/II

Chemotherapy

adriamycin+cyclophosphamide

ASL

SNV

Missense_Mutation

c.219N>C

p.Glu73Asp

p.E73D

P04424

protein_coding

deleterious(0.04)

probably_damaging(1)

TCGA-E2-A14R-01

Breast

breast invasive carcinoma

Female

<65

I/II

Chemotherapy

doxorubicin

ASL

SNV

Missense_Mutation

c.491N>T

p.Ala164Val

p.A164V

P04424

protein_coding

deleterious(0)

probably_damaging(0.971)

TCGA-E2-A15M-01

Breast

breast invasive carcinoma

Female

>=65

I/II

Hormone Therapy

arimidex

ASL

SNV

Missense_Mutation

c.1188N>G

p.Phe396Leu

p.F396L

P04424

protein_coding

tolerated(0.69)

benign(0.003)

TCGA-XX-A89A-01

Breast

breast invasive carcinoma

Female

>=65

I/II

Unknown

ASL

insertion

Frame_Shift_Ins

novel

c.1285_1286insAA

p.Asp429GlufsTer120

p.D429Efs*120

P04424

protein_coding

TCGA-A8-A06P-01

Breast

breast invasive carcinoma

Female

<65

III/IV

Unspecific

ASL

insertion

In_Frame_Ins

novel

c.1287_1288insATAAAGGCCAGTAAAACA

p.Asp429_Tyr430insIleLysAlaSerLysThr

p.D429_Y430insIKASKT

P04424

protein_coding

TCGA-A8-A06P-01

Breast

breast invasive carcinoma

Female

<65

III/IV

Unspecific

ASL

SNV

Missense_Mutation

novel

c.486N>C

p.Gln162His

p.Q162H

P04424

protein_coding

deleterious(0)

probably_damaging(0.997)

TCGA-JW-A5VL-01

Cervix

cervical & endocervical cancer

Female

<65

I/II

Unknown

ASL

SNV

Missense_Mutation

c.535G>A

p.Ala179Thr

p.A179T

P04424

protein_coding

tolerated(0.13)

possibly_damaging(0.886)

TCGA-AA-3492-01

Colorectum

colon adenocarcinoma

Female

>=65

I/II

Unknown

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Related drugs of malignant transformation related genes

Identification of chemicals and drugs interact with genes involved in malignant transfromation

(DGIdb 4.0)

Entrez ID	Symbol	Category	Interaction Types	Drug Claim Name	Drug Name	PMIDs
435	ASL	ENZYME		sodium benzoate / sodium phenylacetate

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