Schematic overview of the cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in the cancer progression, including the proposed cellular and molecular mechanisms in cancer cells trajectory. AT1: alveolar type 1 cells; AT2: alveolar type 2 cells; AAH: atypical adenomatous hyperplasia; AIS: adenocarcinoma in situ; MIA: minimally invasive adenocarcinoma; IA: invasive adenocarcinoma; EMT: epithelial-mesenchymal transition

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	Gene summary
	Malignant transformation analysis
	Malignant transformation related pathway analysis
	Cell-cell communication analysis
	Single-cell gene regulatory network inference analysis
	Somatic mutation of malignant transformation related genes
	Related drugs of malignant transformation related genes

Gene: CDK16

Gene summary for CDK16

Gene summary.

Gene information	Species	Human
	Gene symbol	CDK16
	Gene ID	5127
	Gene name	cyclin dependent kinase 16
	Gene Alias	PCTAIRE
	Cytomap	Xp11.3
	Gene Type	protein-coding
	GO ID	GO:0000003
	UniProtAcc	Q00536

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Malignant transformation analysis

Identification of the aberrant gene expression in precancerous and cancerous lesions by comparing the gene expression of stem-like cells in diseased tissues with normal stem cells

Malignant transformation involving gene list.

Entrez ID	Symbol	Replicates	Species	Organ	Tissue	Adj P-value	Log2FC	Malignancy
5127	CDK16	SYSMH1	Human	Oral cavity	OSCC	4.73e-10	3.85e-01	0.1127
5127	CDK16	SYSMH2	Human	Oral cavity	OSCC	1.10e-14	4.49e-01	0.2326
5127	CDK16	SYSMH3	Human	Oral cavity	OSCC	2.66e-25	6.82e-01	0.2442
5127	CDK16	SYSMH6	Human	Oral cavity	OSCC	1.38e-06	2.87e-01	0.1275
5127	CDK16	P4_S8_cSCC	Human	Skin	cSCC	5.72e-03	7.77e-02	-0.3095
5127	CDK16	P5_S10_cSCC	Human	Skin	cSCC	4.18e-04	1.74e-01	-0.299
5127	CDK16	P1_cSCC	Human	Skin	cSCC	3.82e-08	3.69e-01	0.0292
5127	CDK16	P2_cSCC	Human	Skin	cSCC	2.07e-11	3.65e-01	-0.024
5127	CDK16	P4_cSCC	Human	Skin	cSCC	5.88e-15	3.70e-01	-0.00290000000000005
5127	CDK16	P10_cSCC	Human	Skin	cSCC	3.13e-18	5.02e-01	0.1017
5127	CDK16	cSCC_p8	Human	Skin	cSCC	7.49e-07	7.27e-02	-0.1971
5127	CDK16	male-WTA	Human	Thyroid	PTC	1.19e-27	2.57e-01	0.1037
5127	CDK16	PTC01	Human	Thyroid	PTC	9.28e-09	1.15e-01	0.1899
5127	CDK16	PTC04	Human	Thyroid	PTC	3.05e-17	2.77e-01	0.1927
5127	CDK16	PTC05	Human	Thyroid	PTC	2.57e-21	6.30e-01	0.2065
5127	CDK16	PTC06	Human	Thyroid	PTC	1.06e-24	5.15e-01	0.2057
5127	CDK16	PTC07	Human	Thyroid	PTC	2.92e-24	2.57e-01	0.2044
5127	CDK16	ATC09	Human	Thyroid	ATC	2.07e-04	1.37e-01	0.2871
5127	CDK16	ATC12	Human	Thyroid	ATC	2.07e-13	1.88e-01	0.34
5127	CDK16	ATC13	Human	Thyroid	ATC	3.16e-17	3.86e-01	0.34

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Transcriptomic changes along malignancy continuum.

Tissue	Expression Dynamics	Abbreviation
Colorectum (GSE201348)		FAP: Familial adenomatous polyposis
		CRC: Colorectal cancer
Colorectum (HTA11)		AD: Adenomas
		SER: Sessile serrated lesions
		MSI-H: Microsatellite-high colorectal cancer
		MSS: Microsatellite stable colorectal cancer
Esophagus		ESCC: Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma
		HGIN: High-grade intraepithelial neoplasias
		LGIN: Low-grade intraepithelial neoplasias
Liver		HCC: Hepatocellular carcinoma
		NAFLD: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
Oral Cavity		EOLP: Erosive Oral lichen planus
		LP: leukoplakia
		NEOLP: Non-erosive oral lichen planus
		OSCC: Oral squamous cell carcinoma
Skin		AK: Actinic keratosis
		cSCC: Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma
		SCCIS:squamous cell carcinoma in situ
Thyroid		ATC: Anaplastic thyroid cancer
		HT: Hashimoto's thyroiditis
		PTC: Papillary thyroid cancer

∗log2FC in expression of this searched gene in stem-like cells from each diseased tissue sample relative to stem-like cells in normal samples in each tissue plotted against the malignancy continuum. Samples are colored based on if they are from different disease stage.

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Malignant transformation related pathway analysis

Find out the enriched GO biological processes and KEGG pathways involved in transition from healthy to precancer to cancer

Figure of enriched GO biological processes.

Tissue	Disease Stage	Enriched GO biological Processes
Colorectum	AD
Colorectum	SER
Colorectum	MSS
Colorectum	MSI-H
Colorectum	FAP

∗Top 15 enriched GO BP terms are showed in the bar plot of each disease state in each tissue. Each row represents a significant GO biological process which is colored according to the -log10(p.adjust).

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Enriched GO biological processes.

GO ID	Tissue	Disease Stage	Description	Gene Ratio	Bg Ratio	pvalue	p.adjust	Count
GO:0009743	Colorectum	AD	response to carbohydrate	86/3918	253/18723	8.43e-07	2.90e-05	86
GO:0034284	Colorectum	AD	response to monosaccharide	76/3918	225/18723	4.64e-06	1.23e-04	76
GO:0033500	Colorectum	AD	carbohydrate homeostasis	84/3918	259/18723	9.10e-06	2.15e-04	84
GO:0009746	Colorectum	AD	response to hexose	73/3918	219/18723	1.20e-05	2.65e-04	73
GO:0009749	Colorectum	AD	response to glucose	71/3918	212/18723	1.31e-05	2.85e-04	71
GO:0042593	Colorectum	AD	glucose homeostasis	83/3918	258/18723	1.44e-05	3.11e-04	83
GO:0001678	Colorectum	AD	cellular glucose homeostasis	60/3918	172/18723	1.49e-05	3.18e-04	60
GO:0071322	Colorectum	AD	cellular response to carbohydrate stimulus	56/3918	163/18723	4.61e-05	7.97e-04	56
GO:0050708	Colorectum	AD	regulation of protein secretion	83/3918	268/18723	6.59e-05	1.07e-03	83
GO:0071333	Colorectum	AD	cellular response to glucose stimulus	52/3918	151/18723	7.88e-05	1.25e-03	52
GO:0009306	Colorectum	AD	protein secretion	105/3918	359/18723	1.05e-04	1.57e-03	105
GO:0071331	Colorectum	AD	cellular response to hexose stimulus	52/3918	153/18723	1.16e-04	1.71e-03	52
GO:0035592	Colorectum	AD	establishment of protein localization to extracellular region	105/3918	360/18723	1.18e-04	1.73e-03	105
GO:0071326	Colorectum	AD	cellular response to monosaccharide stimulus	52/3918	154/18723	1.40e-04	1.98e-03	52
GO:0071692	Colorectum	AD	protein localization to extracellular region	106/3918	368/18723	1.86e-04	2.49e-03	106
GO:0050796	Colorectum	AD	regulation of insulin secretion	54/3918	165/18723	2.60e-04	3.25e-03	54
GO:0030073	Colorectum	AD	insulin secretion	61/3918	195/18723	4.28e-04	4.81e-03	61
GO:0061178	Colorectum	AD	regulation of insulin secretion involved in cellular response to glucose stimulus	25/3918	64/18723	6.98e-04	7.10e-03	25
GO:0015833	Colorectum	AD	peptide transport	77/3918	264/18723	8.90e-04	8.60e-03	77
GO:0035773	Colorectum	AD	insulin secretion involved in cellular response to glucose stimulus	27/3918	73/18723	1.17e-03	1.05e-02	27

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Enriched KEGG pathways.

Pathway ID

Tissue

Disease Stage

Description

Gene Ratio

Bg Ratio

pvalue

p.adjust

qvalue

Count

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Cell-cell communication analysis

Identification of potential cell-cell interactions between two cell types and their ligand-receptor pairs for different disease states

Ligand

Receptor

LRpair

Pathway

Tissue

Disease Stage

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Single-cell gene regulatory network inference analysis

Find out the significant the regulons (TFs) and the target genes of each regulon across cell types for different disease states

Cell Type

Tissue

Disease Stage

Target Gene

RSS

Regulon Activity

∗The dot plots of a searched regulon are shown for all cell subpopulations in each disease state of each tissue based on the regulon specific score inferred using pySCENIC and by calculating the average expression.

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Somatic mutation of malignant transformation related genes

Annotation of somatic variants for genes involved in malignant transformation

Hugo Symbol

Variant Class

Variant Classification

dbSNP RS

HGVSc

HGVSp

HGVSp Short

SWISSPROT

BIOTYPE

SIFT

PolyPhen

Tumor Sample Barcode

Tissue

Histology

Sex

Age

Stage

Therapy Types

Drugs

Outcome

CDK16

SNV

Missense_Mutation

c.1255N>C

p.Met419Leu

p.M419L

Q00536

protein_coding

deleterious(0.03)

probably_damaging(0.978)

TCGA-A8-A092-01

Breast

breast invasive carcinoma

Female

<65

III/IV

Chemotherapy

paclitaxel

CDK16

SNV

Missense_Mutation

rs142251178

c.371N>A

p.Arg124His

p.R124H

Q00536

protein_coding

tolerated_low_confidence(0.17)

benign(0.006)

TCGA-B6-A0I8-01

Breast

breast invasive carcinoma

Female

<65

I/II

Unknown

CDK16

SNV

Missense_Mutation

c.1545N>T

p.Met515Ile

p.M515I

Q00536

protein_coding

deleterious(0.01)

probably_damaging(0.984)

TCGA-BH-A18V-01

Breast

breast invasive carcinoma

Female

<65

I/II

Unknown

CDK16

SNV

Missense_Mutation

c.1575N>C

p.Glu525Asp

p.E525D

Q00536

protein_coding

tolerated(0.33)

benign(0)

TCGA-C8-A12T-01

Breast

breast invasive carcinoma

Female

<65

I/II

Unknown

CDK16

SNV

Missense_Mutation

c.1676N>T

p.Gly559Val

p.G559V

Q00536

protein_coding

deleterious_low_confidence(0.01)

benign(0.041)

TCGA-D8-A1JG-01

Breast

breast invasive carcinoma

Female

<65

I/II

Chemotherapy

doxorubicin

CDK16

SNV

Missense_Mutation

novel

c.305N>A

p.Pro102His

p.P102H

Q00536

protein_coding

tolerated_low_confidence(0.07)

benign(0.393)

TCGA-2W-A8YY-01

Cervix

cervical & endocervical cancer

Female

<65

I/II

Chemotherapy

cisplatin

CDK16

SNV

Missense_Mutation

novel

c.59G>A

p.Arg20His

p.R20H

Q00536

protein_coding

tolerated_low_confidence(0.2)

benign(0.229)

TCGA-EA-A410-01

Cervix

cervical & endocervical cancer

Female

<65

I/II

Unknown

CDK16

SNV

Missense_Mutation

rs187232602

c.278N>A

p.Arg93Gln

p.R93Q

Q00536

protein_coding

tolerated_low_confidence(0.28)

possibly_damaging(0.881)

TCGA-Q1-A73O-01

Cervix

cervical & endocervical cancer

Female

<65

I/II

Chemotherapy

cisplatin

CDK16

SNV

Missense_Mutation

c.1295N>A

p.Gly432Asp

p.G432D

Q00536

protein_coding

deleterious(0)

probably_damaging(0.991)

TCGA-A6-6781-01

Colorectum

colon adenocarcinoma

Male

<65

III/IV

Chemotherapy

oxaliplatin

CDK16

SNV

Missense_Mutation

c.1690N>A

p.Arg564Ser

p.R564S

Q00536

protein_coding

deleterious_low_confidence(0.03)

benign(0.303)

TCGA-AA-3672-01

Colorectum

colon adenocarcinoma

Female

>=65

III/IV

Unknown

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Related drugs of malignant transformation related genes

Identification of chemicals and drugs interact with genes involved in malignant transfromation

(DGIdb 4.0)

Entrez ID	Symbol	Category	Interaction Types	Drug Claim Name	Drug Name	PMIDs
5127	CDK16	SERINE THREONINE KINASE, TUMOR SUPPRESSOR, KINASE, DRUGGABLE GENOME, ENZYME	inhibitor	HESPERADIN	HESPERADIN	19035792
5127	CDK16	SERINE THREONINE KINASE, TUMOR SUPPRESSOR, KINASE, DRUGGABLE GENOME, ENZYME	inhibitor	CHEMBL3544942	RONICICLIB
5127	CDK16	SERINE THREONINE KINASE, TUMOR SUPPRESSOR, KINASE, DRUGGABLE GENOME, ENZYME	inhibitor	CHEMBL445813	AT-7519
5127	CDK16	SERINE THREONINE KINASE, TUMOR SUPPRESSOR, KINASE, DRUGGABLE GENOME, ENZYME	inhibitor	CHEMBL1230607	PHA-793887
5127	CDK16	SERINE THREONINE KINASE, TUMOR SUPPRESSOR, KINASE, DRUGGABLE GENOME, ENZYME	inhibitor	CHEMBL488436	AZD-5438

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