Schematic overview of the cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in the cancer progression, including the proposed cellular and molecular mechanisms in cancer cells trajectory. AT1: alveolar type 1 cells; AT2: alveolar type 2 cells; AAH: atypical adenomatous hyperplasia; AIS: adenocarcinoma in situ; MIA: minimally invasive adenocarcinoma; IA: invasive adenocarcinoma; EMT: epithelial-mesenchymal transition

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	Gene summary
	Malignant transformation analysis
	Malignant transformation related pathway analysis
	Cell-cell communication analysis
	Single-cell gene regulatory network inference analysis
	Somatic mutation of malignant transformation related genes
	Related drugs of malignant transformation related genes

Gene: IL6ST

Gene summary for IL6ST

Gene summary.

Gene information	Species	Human
	Gene symbol	IL6ST
	Gene ID	3572
	Gene name	interleukin 6 cytokine family signal transducer
	Gene Alias	CD130
	Cytomap	5q11.2
	Gene Type	protein-coding
	GO ID	GO:0001503
	UniProtAcc	A0A0A0N0L2

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Malignant transformation analysis

Identification of the aberrant gene expression in precancerous and cancerous lesions by comparing the gene expression of stem-like cells in diseased tissues with normal stem cells

Malignant transformation involving gene list.

Entrez ID	Symbol	Replicates	Species	Organ	Tissue	Adj P-value	Log2FC	Malignancy
3572	IL6ST	HTA11_11156_2000001011	Human	Colorectum	AD	5.42e-11	1.20e+00	0.0397
3572	IL6ST	HTA11_6818_2000001021	Human	Colorectum	AD	3.49e-15	7.37e-01	0.0588
3572	IL6ST	HTA11_99999970781_79442	Human	Colorectum	MSS	6.75e-19	8.86e-01	0.294
3572	IL6ST	HTA11_99999965062_69753	Human	Colorectum	MSI-H	2.31e-16	2.79e+00	0.3487
3572	IL6ST	HTA11_99999971662_82457	Human	Colorectum	MSS	2.03e-31	1.28e+00	0.3859
3572	IL6ST	HTA11_99999973899_84307	Human	Colorectum	MSS	1.83e-05	6.13e-01	0.2585
3572	IL6ST	HTA11_99999974143_84620	Human	Colorectum	MSS	2.79e-27	9.13e-01	0.3005
3572	IL6ST	A015-C-203	Human	Colorectum	FAP	4.75e-08	-1.30e-01	-0.1294
3572	IL6ST	A001-C-108	Human	Colorectum	FAP	1.18e-05	-1.72e-01	-0.0272
3572	IL6ST	A015-C-106	Human	Colorectum	FAP	4.01e-02	-1.23e-01	-0.0511
3572	IL6ST	A015-C-104	Human	Colorectum	FAP	3.13e-10	-2.22e-01	-0.1899
3572	IL6ST	A001-C-014	Human	Colorectum	FAP	7.94e-03	-1.18e-01	0.0135
3572	IL6ST	A002-C-016	Human	Colorectum	FAP	3.18e-08	-1.69e-01	0.0521
3572	IL6ST	A002-C-116	Human	Colorectum	FAP	7.50e-06	-8.04e-02	-0.0452
3572	IL6ST	F034	Human	Colorectum	FAP	2.00e-03	-7.43e-02	-0.0665
3572	IL6ST	CRC-1-8810	Human	Colorectum	CRC	9.89e-05	-1.21e-01	0.6257
3572	IL6ST	CRC-3-11773	Human	Colorectum	CRC	6.14e-03	-1.28e-01	0.2564
3572	IL6ST	LZE4T	Human	Esophagus	ESCC	2.27e-07	-7.70e-02	0.0811
3572	IL6ST	LZE5T	Human	Esophagus	ESCC	3.61e-02	-1.22e-01	0.0514
3572	IL6ST	LZE8T	Human	Esophagus	ESCC	3.00e-06	-1.20e-01	0.067

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Transcriptomic changes along malignancy continuum.

Tissue	Expression Dynamics	Abbreviation
Breast		IDC: Invasive ductal carcinoma
		DCIS: Ductal carcinoma in situ
		Precancer(BRCA1-mut): Precancerous lesion from BRCA1 mutation carriers
Colorectum (GSE201348)		FAP: Familial adenomatous polyposis
		CRC: Colorectal cancer
Colorectum (HTA11)		AD: Adenomas
		SER: Sessile serrated lesions
		MSI-H: Microsatellite-high colorectal cancer
		MSS: Microsatellite stable colorectal cancer
Esophagus		ESCC: Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma
		HGIN: High-grade intraepithelial neoplasias
		LGIN: Low-grade intraepithelial neoplasias
Liver		HCC: Hepatocellular carcinoma
		NAFLD: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
Oral Cavity		EOLP: Erosive Oral lichen planus
		LP: leukoplakia
		NEOLP: Non-erosive oral lichen planus
		OSCC: Oral squamous cell carcinoma
Prostate		BPH: Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia
Thyroid		ATC: Anaplastic thyroid cancer
		HT: Hashimoto's thyroiditis
		PTC: Papillary thyroid cancer

∗log2FC in expression of this searched gene in stem-like cells from each diseased tissue sample relative to stem-like cells in normal samples in each tissue plotted against the malignancy continuum. Samples are colored based on if they are from different disease stage.

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Malignant transformation related pathway analysis

Find out the enriched GO biological processes and KEGG pathways involved in transition from healthy to precancer to cancer

Figure of enriched GO biological processes.

Tissue	Disease Stage	Enriched GO biological Processes
Colorectum	AD
Colorectum	SER
Colorectum	MSS
Colorectum	MSI-H
Colorectum	FAP

∗Top 15 enriched GO BP terms are showed in the bar plot of each disease state in each tissue. Each row represents a significant GO biological process which is colored according to the -log10(p.adjust).

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Enriched GO biological processes.

GO ID	Tissue	Disease Stage	Description	Gene Ratio	Bg Ratio	pvalue	p.adjust	Count
GO:00060918	Breast	Precancer	generation of precursor metabolites and energy	94/1080	490/18723	1.54e-25	1.64e-22	94
GO:00159808	Breast	Precancer	energy derivation by oxidation of organic compounds	70/1080	318/18723	8.33e-23	6.37e-20	70
GO:00457859	Breast	Precancer	positive regulation of cell adhesion	52/1080	437/18723	5.74e-07	2.49e-05	52
GO:00341099	Breast	Precancer	homotypic cell-cell adhesion	18/1080	90/18723	3.15e-06	1.03e-04	18
GO:00018196	Breast	Precancer	positive regulation of cytokine production	52/1080	467/18723	4.18e-06	1.29e-04	52
GO:00420609	Breast	Precancer	wound healing	48/1080	422/18723	5.48e-06	1.63e-04	48
GO:00507293	Breast	Precancer	positive regulation of inflammatory response	23/1080	142/18723	6.51e-06	1.81e-04	23
GO:0050727	Breast	Precancer	regulation of inflammatory response	44/1080	386/18723	1.26e-05	3.22e-04	44
GO:00421107	Breast	Precancer	T cell activation	52/1080	487/18723	1.37e-05	3.42e-04	52
GO:00508707	Breast	Precancer	positive regulation of T cell activation	29/1080	216/18723	1.94e-05	4.58e-04	29
GO:00321034	Breast	Precancer	positive regulation of response to external stimulus	46/1080	427/18723	3.41e-05	7.40e-04	46
GO:19030396	Breast	Precancer	positive regulation of leukocyte cell-cell adhesion	30/1080	239/18723	5.13e-05	1.07e-03	30
GO:00313493	Breast	Precancer	positive regulation of defense response	33/1080	278/18723	6.79e-05	1.36e-03	33
GO:00508637	Breast	Precancer	regulation of T cell activation	37/1080	329/18723	8.04e-05	1.56e-03	37
GO:00224098	Breast	Precancer	positive regulation of cell-cell adhesion	33/1080	284/18723	1.03e-04	1.89e-03	33
GO:00071597	Breast	Precancer	leukocyte cell-cell adhesion	40/1080	371/18723	1.07e-04	1.94e-03	40
GO:00508789	Breast	Precancer	regulation of body fluid levels	40/1080	379/18723	1.68e-04	2.77e-03	40
GO:00224079	Breast	Precancer	regulation of cell-cell adhesion	45/1080	448/18723	2.12e-04	3.30e-03	45
GO:19030377	Breast	Precancer	regulation of leukocyte cell-cell adhesion	36/1080	336/18723	2.61e-04	3.84e-03	36
GO:00420633	Breast	Precancer	gliogenesis	33/1080	301/18723	3.06e-04	4.40e-03	33

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Enriched KEGG pathways.

Pathway ID	Tissue	Disease Stage	Description	Gene Ratio	Bg Ratio	pvalue	p.adjust	qvalue	Count
hsa0517118	Breast	Precancer	Coronavirus disease - COVID-19	81/684	232/8465	3.74e-32	2.36e-30	1.81e-30	81
hsa0516718	Breast	Precancer	Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus infection	36/684	194/8465	1.68e-06	2.53e-05	1.94e-05	36
hsa052036	Breast	Precancer	Viral carcinogenesis	27/684	204/8465	7.19e-03	4.06e-02	3.11e-02	27
hsa0517119	Breast	Precancer	Coronavirus disease - COVID-19	81/684	232/8465	3.74e-32	2.36e-30	1.81e-30	81
hsa0516719	Breast	Precancer	Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus infection	36/684	194/8465	1.68e-06	2.53e-05	1.94e-05	36
hsa0520312	Breast	Precancer	Viral carcinogenesis	27/684	204/8465	7.19e-03	4.06e-02	3.11e-02	27
hsa0517124	Breast	IDC	Coronavirus disease - COVID-19	86/867	232/8465	1.50e-28	9.72e-27	7.27e-27	86
hsa0516723	Breast	IDC	Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus infection	38/867	194/8465	5.87e-05	5.96e-04	4.46e-04	38
hsa0520322	Breast	IDC	Viral carcinogenesis	34/867	204/8465	2.82e-03	1.86e-02	1.39e-02	34
hsa0517134	Breast	IDC	Coronavirus disease - COVID-19	86/867	232/8465	1.50e-28	9.72e-27	7.27e-27	86
hsa0516733	Breast	IDC	Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus infection	38/867	194/8465	5.87e-05	5.96e-04	4.46e-04	38
hsa0520332	Breast	IDC	Viral carcinogenesis	34/867	204/8465	2.82e-03	1.86e-02	1.39e-02	34
hsa0517144	Breast	DCIS	Coronavirus disease - COVID-19	86/846	232/8465	2.42e-29	1.56e-27	1.15e-27	86
hsa0516743	Breast	DCIS	Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus infection	38/846	194/8465	3.43e-05	3.69e-04	2.72e-04	38
hsa0520341	Breast	DCIS	Viral carcinogenesis	34/846	204/8465	1.88e-03	1.27e-02	9.33e-03	34
hsa0517154	Breast	DCIS	Coronavirus disease - COVID-19	86/846	232/8465	2.42e-29	1.56e-27	1.15e-27	86
hsa0516753	Breast	DCIS	Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus infection	38/846	194/8465	3.43e-05	3.69e-04	2.72e-04	38
hsa052035	Breast	DCIS	Viral carcinogenesis	34/846	204/8465	1.88e-03	1.27e-02	9.33e-03	34
hsa05171	Colorectum	AD	Coronavirus disease - COVID-19	113/2092	232/8465	9.90e-16	2.55e-14	1.63e-14	113
hsa051711	Colorectum	AD	Coronavirus disease - COVID-19	113/2092	232/8465	9.90e-16	2.55e-14	1.63e-14	113

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Cell-cell communication analysis

Identification of potential cell-cell interactions between two cell types and their ligand-receptor pairs for different disease states

Ligand	Receptor	LRpair	Pathway	Tissue	Disease Stage
OSM	LIFR_IL6ST	OSM_LIFR_IL6ST	OSM	Breast	DCIS
OSM	OSMR_IL6ST	OSM_OSMR_IL6ST	OSM	Breast	DCIS
IL6	IL6R_IL6ST	IL6_IL6R_IL6ST	IL6	Breast	Healthy
LIF	LIFR_IL6ST	LIF_LIFR_IL6ST	LIFR	Breast	Healthy
OSM	LIFR_IL6ST	OSM_LIFR_IL6ST	OSM	Breast	Healthy
OSM	OSMR_IL6ST	OSM_OSMR_IL6ST	OSM	Breast	Healthy
LIF	LIFR_IL6ST	LIF_LIFR_IL6ST	LIFR	Cervix	ADJ
IL6	IL6R_IL6ST	IL6_IL6R_IL6ST	IL6	Cervix	ADJ
OSM	LIFR_IL6ST	OSM_LIFR_IL6ST	OSM	Cervix	CC
OSM	OSMR_IL6ST	OSM_OSMR_IL6ST	OSM	Cervix	CC
IL6	IL6R_IL6ST	IL6_IL6R_IL6ST	IL6	Cervix	CC
LIF	LIFR_IL6ST	LIF_LIFR_IL6ST	LIFR	Cervix	CC
OSM	OSMR_IL6ST	OSM_OSMR_IL6ST	OSM	Cervix	Healthy
OSM	LIFR_IL6ST	OSM_LIFR_IL6ST	OSM	Cervix	Precancer
OSM	OSMR_IL6ST	OSM_OSMR_IL6ST	OSM	Cervix	Precancer
LIF	LIFR_IL6ST	LIF_LIFR_IL6ST	LIFR	Endometrium	ADJ
OSM	LIFR_IL6ST	OSM_LIFR_IL6ST	OSM	Endometrium	ADJ
OSM	OSMR_IL6ST	OSM_OSMR_IL6ST	OSM	Endometrium	ADJ
LIF	LIFR_IL6ST	LIF_LIFR_IL6ST	LIFR	Endometrium	AEH
OSM	LIFR_IL6ST	OSM_LIFR_IL6ST	OSM	Endometrium	AEH

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Single-cell gene regulatory network inference analysis

Find out the significant the regulons (TFs) and the target genes of each regulon across cell types for different disease states

Cell Type

Tissue

Disease Stage

Target Gene

RSS

Regulon Activity

∗The dot plots of a searched regulon are shown for all cell subpopulations in each disease state of each tissue based on the regulon specific score inferred using pySCENIC and by calculating the average expression.

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Somatic mutation of malignant transformation related genes

Annotation of somatic variants for genes involved in malignant transformation

Hugo Symbol

Variant Class

Variant Classification

dbSNP RS

HGVSc

HGVSp

HGVSp Short

SWISSPROT

BIOTYPE

SIFT

PolyPhen

Tumor Sample Barcode

Tissue

Histology

Sex

Age

Stage

Therapy Types

Drugs

Outcome

IL6ST

SNV

Missense_Mutation

novel

c.1768N>A

p.Val590Ile

p.V590I

P40189

protein_coding

tolerated(0.08)

possibly_damaging(0.682)

TCGA-AN-A046-01

Breast

breast invasive carcinoma

Female

>=65

I/II

Unknown

IL6ST

SNV

Missense_Mutation

rs764426398

c.412N>A

p.Glu138Lys

p.E138K

P40189

protein_coding

tolerated(0.06)

possibly_damaging(0.465)

TCGA-AN-A046-01

Breast

breast invasive carcinoma

Female

>=65

I/II

Unknown

IL6ST

SNV

Missense_Mutation

rs750312883

c.1435C>T

p.Arg479Cys

p.R479C

P40189

protein_coding

deleterious(0.02)

benign(0.37)

TCGA-AN-A0XW-01

Breast

breast invasive carcinoma

Female

<65

III/IV

Unknown

IL6ST

SNV

Missense_Mutation

c.413N>C

p.Glu138Ala

p.E138A

P40189

protein_coding

tolerated(0.06)

possibly_damaging(0.542)

TCGA-AR-A251-01

Breast

breast invasive carcinoma

Female

<65

III/IV

Chemotherapy

doxorubicin

IL6ST

SNV

Missense_Mutation

c.836N>G

p.Ser279Cys

p.S279C

P40189

protein_coding

deleterious(0)

possibly_damaging(0.773)

TCGA-BH-A0WA-01

Breast

breast invasive carcinoma

Female

>=65

I/II

Unknown

IL6ST

SNV

Missense_Mutation

c.1136A>G

p.Asn379Ser

p.N379S

P40189

protein_coding

tolerated(0.85)

benign(0.003)

TCGA-C8-A12X-01

Breast

breast invasive carcinoma

Female

<65

I/II

Unknown

IL6ST

SNV

Missense_Mutation

c.1520N>G

p.Pro507Arg

p.P507R

P40189

protein_coding

tolerated(0.11)

benign(0.268)

TCGA-GI-A2C8-01

Breast

breast invasive carcinoma

Female

<65

III/IV

Unspecific

Adriamycin

IL6ST

SNV

Missense_Mutation

rs755797298

c.1436G>A

p.Arg479His

p.R479H

P40189

protein_coding

tolerated(0.14)

benign(0)

TCGA-2W-A8YY-01

Cervix

cervical & endocervical cancer

Female

<65

I/II

Chemotherapy

cisplatin

IL6ST

SNV

Missense_Mutation

rs747379809

c.703N>A

p.Glu235Lys

p.E235K

P40189

protein_coding

tolerated(0.23)

possibly_damaging(0.695)

TCGA-C5-A901-01

Cervix

cervical & endocervical cancer

Female

<65

I/II

Unknown

IL6ST

SNV

Missense_Mutation

c.2471N>T

p.Ser824Phe

p.S824F

P40189

protein_coding

tolerated(0.4)

benign(0)

TCGA-FU-A3HZ-01

Cervix

cervical & endocervical cancer

Female

<65

I/II

Chemotherapy

cisplatin

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Related drugs of malignant transformation related genes

Identification of chemicals and drugs interact with genes involved in malignant transfromation

(DGIdb 4.0)

Entrez ID	Symbol	Category	Interaction Types	Drug Claim Name	Drug Name	PMIDs
3572	IL6ST	EXTERNAL SIDE OF PLASMA MEMBRANE, CLINICALLY ACTIONABLE, DRUGGABLE GENOME, KINASE		BAZEDOXIFENE	BAZEDOXIFENE	24456369
3572	IL6ST	EXTERNAL SIDE OF PLASMA MEMBRANE, CLINICALLY ACTIONABLE, DRUGGABLE GENOME, KINASE		RALOXIFENE	RALOXIFENE	24456369
3572	IL6ST	EXTERNAL SIDE OF PLASMA MEMBRANE, CLINICALLY ACTIONABLE, DRUGGABLE GENOME, KINASE	antagonist	CHEMBL3833307	SATRALIZUMAB

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