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check002.gif Overview of ImmunEscpMap.

Illustration of 8 cancer immune escape mechanisms. 1. Chemokine: The chemokine ((C-X-C motif) participates in the generation and recruitment of immune cells that contribute to a pro-tumorigenic microenvironment; 2. Endothelial cell anergy: During angiogensis, the lack of endothelial adhesion molecules suppress the immune infiltration. In addition, the endothelial cells express immunosuppressive molecules that induce the apoptosis of immune cells; 3. Inducing apoptosis of CTLs: The cancer cell upregulates FasL, which can bind to Fas expressed by activated T cells, leading to T cell apoptosis; 4. Inhibiting recruitment of dendritic cells: Tumor cell derived PGE2 can inhibit the function of natural killer cells and the recruitment of dendritic cells; 5. Inhibiting target recognition: The T cell responses can be inhibited by the involvement of inhibitory ligand, the lack of MHC class I molecules and the loss of neoantigens; 6. Matrix barrier: The extracellular matrix and surrounding cancer associated fibroblasts can create a physical barrier that suppresses immune cell infiltration; 7. Metabolic barrier: The dysregulated vasculature reduces oxygen and nutrient levels in the tumor core and prevents metabolites that suppress T cells from being transported out of the tumor; 8. T cell dysfunction and exhaustion: The activation of mTOR leads to the expression of downstream transcriptional factors, which regulates PD-1 expression and causes T cell exhaustion and dysfunction.